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- Bobby Walkup is the current tribal chairperson of the Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma. The Ioway Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska operates the Casino White Cloud at White Cloud, Kansas on the Ioway Reservation. The Ioway Tribe of Oklahoma operates the Cimarron Casino in Perkins, Oklahoma, and the Ioway Casino in Chandler, Oklahoma.
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White Cloud, Chief of the Iowa, by George Catlin (1845), National Gallery of Art | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| estimated 2,567[1][2] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| United States (Kansas, Nebraska, and Oklahoma) | |
| Languages | |
| Chiwere language, English | |
| Religion | |
| traditional tribal religion, Native American Church, Christianity | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Otoe, Missouria, Ho-Chunk, and other Siouan peoples |
The Iowa or Ioway, known as the Bah-Kho-Je or Báxoje in their language, Chiwere (Báxoje ich'é), are a Native AmericanSiouan people. Today, they are enrolled in either of two federally recognized tribes, the Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma and the Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska.
The Iowa, Missouria, and Otoe tribes were all once part of the Ho-Chunk people. They are all Chiwere language-speaking peoples. They left their ancestral homelands in Southern Wisconsin for Eastern Iowa, a state that bears their name.
In 1837, the Iowa were moved from Iowa to reservations in Brown County, Kansas, and Richardson County, Nebraska. Bands of Iowa moved to Indian Territory in the late 19th century and settled south of Perkins, Oklahoma to become the Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma.
Name[edit]
The Ioway tribe is also known as the báxoje tribe. Their name has been said to come from the Sioux ayuhwa ('sleepy ones.'). Early European explorers often adopted the names of tribes from the ethnonyms which other tribes gave them, not understanding that these differed from what the peoples called themselves. Thus, ayuhwa is not an Ioway word. The word Ioway comes from Dakotan ayuxbe via French aiouez.[3] Their autonym (their name for themselves) is Bah-Kho-Je, pronounced [b̥aꜜxodʒɛ] (alternate spellings: pahotcha, pahucha, báxoje,[4]), which translates to 'grey snow'. Báxoje has been incorrectly translated as 'dusted faces' or 'dusty nose'.[4]
The state of Iowa, where they once lived, was named after this tribe. Their name has been applied to other locations, such as Iowa County, Iowa City and the Iowa River.
Population[edit]
Their estimated 1760 population of 1,100 dropped to 800 by 1804, a decrease caused mainly by smallpox, to which they had no natural immunity. Their numbers were reduced to 500 by 1900. In 1960, 100 Iowa lived in Kansas and 100 in Oklahoma.
By 1980 their population had recovered to 1,000 (of which only 20 spoke Iowa). In 1990 there were 1,700 people. According to the Bureau of Indian Affairs, in 1995 there were 533 individuals living in the Iowa reservations of Kansas and 44 in Nebraska (Horton Agency), while 857 people lived in the Oklahoma Iowa Tribe (Shawnee Agency), amounting to a total of 2,934 people. According to the 2000 census, 1,451 people identified as full-blood Iowa, 76 were of mixed-Indian descent, 688 of mixed-race descent, and 43 of mixed-race and tribe descent, amounting to 2,258 people.
Culture[edit]
The Iowa have had customs similar to those of the other Siouan-speaking tribes of the Great Plains, such as the Omaha, Ponca and Osage. They were a semi-nomadic people who had adopted horses for hunting, but they also had an agricultural lifestyle similar to the tribes inhabiting the Eastern woodlands. They planted maize and manufactured alum pipes, which they traded along with furs with the French colonizers.
Historically, their houses included bark lodges (chakiruthan), tipis, and at times, earth lodges—oven-shaped buildings covered with earth for protection from extremes of temperature and oriented to a cardinal direction. A smoke hole enabled ventilation from a central hearth. During the hunting season or in warfare, they used the portable tipi. Like the Osage or Kansa, Iowa men traditionally shaved their heads and decorated them with deer hide. Like Great Plains tribes, they valued three feats during a battle.
History[edit]
In prehistoric times, the Iowa emigrated from the Great Lakes region to present-day Iowa. In the 16th century, they moved from the Mississippi River to the Great Plains, and possibly then separated from the Ho-Chunk tribe.
From the 15th to 18th centuries, they lived in the Red Pipestone Quarry region (Minnesota). In the early 19th century, the Iowa had reached the banks of the Platte River, where in 1804 Lewis and Clark visited their settlements. There they engaged in trading with the French and local tribes, thanks to their advantageous situation regarding the alum deposits.
Between 1820 and 1840, the Iowa ceded their Minnesota, Iowa and Missouri lands to the U.S. government. By 1837 most were relocated to a reservation along the Kansas-Nebraska border, led by their chief Chief Mahaska (Mew-hew-she-kaw, 'White Cloud'; archaic IowayMaxúshga pronounced [mõxuʃꜜkɐ]; contemporary Maxúhga). They surrendered the Little Platte territory in Missouri in 1836. Other Missouri lands had been ceded in 1824.
In 1837 they settled in a strip of land in Kansas, south of the Big Nemaha River, along with the Sauk and the Fox, tribes with which they had long had friendly relations, though speaking unrelated Algonquian languages). Some 45 Iowa fought in the American Civil War in the Union Army, among them Chief James White Cloud, grandson of Mahaska.
In 1883 a number of Iowa moved to Indian Territory preferring to live in the older community village way of life. The new reservation was located in Lincoln, Payne and Logan counties in the Indian Territory. However, despite their efforts to block allotment, their lands were divided anyway. Today the Iowa Reservation in Nebraska and Kansas is approximately 2,100 acres (8.5 km2) in size, and has more than 150 residents.
In 2013 Tim Rhodd was chosen as chairman of the Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska. Bobby Walkup is the current tribal chairperson of the Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma.[5]
The Ioway Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska operates the Casino White Cloud at White Cloud, Kansas on the Ioway Reservation.
The Ioway Tribe of Oklahoma operates the Cimarron Casino in Perkins, Oklahoma, and the Ioway Casino in Chandler, Oklahoma.
Notable Iowa people[edit]
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^'Ioway Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska.'Ioway Cultural Institute. (retrieved 23 Sept 2010)
- ^'Pocket Pictorial.'Archived 2010-04-06 at the Wayback MachineOklahoma Indian Affairs Commission. 2010: 16. (retrieved 23 Sept 2010)
- ^'Koontz, John E. (2004) Contribution to Siouan listserv thread '(O)maha' (24 March)'. Archived from the original on 2009-01-24. Retrieved 2008-08-18.
- ^ abRipley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (1879). 'Iowas' . The American Cyclopædia.
- ^'Oklahoma's Tribal Nations.'Archived 2010-03-28 at the Wayback MachineOklahoma Indian Affairs Commission. 2010 (retrieved 31 March 2011)
External links[edit]
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iowa (tribe). |
| Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article 'Iowa (tribe)'. |
- Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska, official website
- Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma, official website
- Download recording of a courtship song from the Library of Congress' Omaha Indian Music Collection; performed by George Miller in 1897, collected by Alice Cunningham Fletcher and Francis La Flesche
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The Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma is the center of a Sovereign Nation with inherent powers of self-government recognized as such by treaties and legislation located in Perkins, OK. In the Iowa language, we call ourselves Baxoje (Bah Kho-je), meaning “People of the Grey Snow”. The story of our name has been handed down from generation to generation. It was told that at one time the Iowa Tribe was ‘1100’ strong, meaning the warriors or men numbered that many. When men had to leave our village, upon their return, they looked down from a rise and they saw that our village had been burned. At this point, we had lost some of the translation to the story – it could have been another tribe or others that had burned it. But it appeared as though the village was covered with “Grey Snow, ” even though the winter season was not upon us. For you see, the ashes had settled over the village site and all that was visible to the warriors were the burned remnants of what used to be our homes. Other versions of this story have been printed, but this is the one that we have been told.
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The Iowas lived for the majority of its recorded history in what is now the state of Iowa, therefore, the state of Iowa takes its name after the Ioway people. Also, our language is of the Chiwere dialect of the Sioux Nation. We began as a Woodland culture, but because of the migration to the south and west, we began to pick up elements of the Plains Culture. In the earliest historical period of 1600, the Ioways (descendants of the Oneota), were in the area of the Red Pipestone Quarry in southwestern Minnesota. In 1730 they were found living in villages in the Lake Okoboji and Spirit Lake Region of Northwest Iowa. They moved south to the vicinity of Council Bluffs, Iowa. In the middle of the 18th century, part of them moved up along the Des Moines River. The remainder established themselves on the Grand and Platte Rivers in Missouri. In treaties, they ceded their claims to lands in Missouri, Iowa, and Minnesota. The Treaty of 1836 assigned part of them to a reservation along the Great Nemaha River in Nebraska and Kansas. Later, some of the Ioways were moved to Indian Territory in Oklahoma. The original Iowa Reservation in Oklahoma was established by Executive Order dated August 15, 1883. The Iowa Nation is now divided into two tribes: The Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma located in Perkins, Oklahoma; and the Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska – their tribal headquarters are located in Whitecloud, Kansas.
The Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma is complete with its own constitution and bylaws. There are many aspects of the Tribal Government, all necessary to ensure the best for our tribal community and members. As of today, we have over 800 members enrolled within the tribe and a jurisdictional area covering all or parts of Payne, Oklahoma, Lincoln, and Logan counties. We are also the largest employer in the area with over 160 employees in several different departments, including Administration, Accounting departments for the various Tribal Enterprises (including three casinos spread throughout our jurisdiction), and a tribally-operated Police and Fire Department.
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Mission of the Iowa Nation: “To improve the economic and social quality of life, for our tribal members and the adjacent communities.”
Iowa Tribal Headquarters is located 3 miles South of Perkins, Oklahoma & one half mile West of US highway 177. For more information, call us at (405) 547-2402.
335588 E. 750 Road • Perkins, OK 74059 • 405-547-2402 or 800-336-IOWA
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PRESS RELEASE
UPCOMING EVENTS
September 7, 2020 Tribal Offices closed in observance of Labor Day
September 25, 2020 Tribal Offices closed in observance of Native Americans’ Day
October 8, 2020 Gary Pratt Memorial Golf Scramble
November 11, 2020 Tribal Offices closed in observance of Veterans Day
November 26-27, 2020 Tribal Offices closed in observance of Thanksgiving Holiday
December 24, 2020 Tribal Offices closed in observance of Christmas Eve
December 25, 2020 Tribal Offices closed in observance of Christmas Day
January 1, 2020 Tribal Offices closed in observance of New Year’s Day
VETERAN MEETINGS
Meetings Cancelled Until Further Notice
TITLE VI
IOWAY TRIBE ELDERS
Meetings Cancelled Until Further Notice